Research Outputs

2025

1. Exploring Barriers to Expanding Medical Training Numbers in England: A National Survey of Medical Education Directors 

   Batavanis M, Arora A, Aryee S,Nathwani N. ScienceDirect: November 2025
   See full PDF

2. Changes in medical student attendance at in-person teaching sessions: a systematic review

   Nagappan PG, Tan SRX, Absar S, et al BMJ Open 2025;15:e091768. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091768
   See News Article

3. Experiences of medical students and doctors with dyslexia: A systematic review

   Tarafdar, S.A., Seoudi, N., Luo, R. and Winston, K. Medical Education. 2025. early view

4. Does candidate race influence simulated patient ratings in standardised assessments of clinical practice? A single-blinded randomised study in UK medical schools.

   Brown C, Sebastian A, Khavandi S, Badger K, Westacott R, Reed M, Gurnell M, Sam AH.BMJ Open. 2025 Jan 15;15(1):e080543. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080543.

5. A systematic review of virtual elective programmes for medical students

   Luke McCarron, Nihal Sogandji, Luke Coakham, Lun Zhu, Yuhui Zhou, Edward Lau, James N Smith, Anmol Arora, Charlotte Tulinius. The Clinical Teacher. 2025. doi.org/10.1111/tct.13841
   See full PDF

6. Estimating CO2 emissions from international medical electives: a literature review and quantitative analysis

   Luke Coakham, Nihal Sogandji, Amy Stuart, Magnus Macleod, Faris Khan, Amina Ali, Christine Agbenu, Yuhui Zhou, Martin Tam, Edward Lau, Arthur Hibble, James N Smith, Anmol Arora, Charlotte Tulinius. Future Healthcare Journal. 2025. doi.org/10.1016/j.fhj.2025.100453
   See full PDF

2024

1. Changes in medical student attendance and its impact on student educational outcomes: a systematic review protocol.

   Nagappan PG, Brown S, McManus A, Sayers S, Absar S, Tan SRX, Kuhn I, Lau E, Tulinius C.
   Changes in medical student attendance and its impact on student educational outcomes: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2024 Mar 11;14(3):e078252. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078252. PMID: 38471691; PMCID: PMC10936488

2. The influence of candidates' race on examiners' ratings in standardised assessments of clinical practice.

   Brown C, Khavandi S, Sebastian A, Badger K, Westacott R, Reed MWR, Gurnell M, Sam AH.
   Med Teach. 2024 May 21:1-6. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2024.2345266. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38771961.

3. Response to: "Evaluating racial bias in clinical assessments".

   Brown CA, Khavandi S, Westacott R, Gurnell M, Sam AH.
   Med Teach. 2024 Nov;46(11):1516-1517. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2024.2417557. Epub 2024 Oct 23. PMID: 39440845.

2023

1. Medical students remote consulting from home and from the health centre: A survey of prevalence and supervisor perspectives

   Richard Darnton, Sam Amey & James Brimicombe
   Medical Teacher, 45(7), 752–759. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2022.2158068

2. The Impact of Patient Skin Colour on Diagnostic Ability and Confidence of Medical Students. Advances in Health Sciences Education (in press).

   Dodd RV, Rafi D, Stackhouse AA, Brown CA, Westacott RJ, Meeran K, Hughes E, Wilkinson P, Gurnell M, Swales C, Sam AH.
   Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2023 Oct;28(4):1171-1189. doi: 10.1007/s10459-022-10196-6. Epub 2023 Mar 1. PMID: 36859731; PMCID: PMC9977083.

3. Reflective monitoring as an iterative process in clinical teaching: lessons from online undergraduate psychiatry teaching during COVID-19.

   Mateos Rodriguez, I., Syed, S., Wilkinson, P., & Tulinius, C. (2023).
   The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, 18(2), 123–134. .

4. A Primer to Critical Race Theory.

   Zaidi, Z., Wyatt, T. R., Naidu, T., & Park, Y. S. (2023).
   Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, e005192. Advance online publication. 

5. Automated Item Generation: impact of item variants on performance and standard setting.

   Westacott R, Badger K, Kluth D, Gurnell M, Reed MWR, Sam AH.
   BMC Med Educ. 2023 Sep 11;23(1):659. doi: 10.1186/s12909-023-04457-0. PMID: 37697275; PMCID: PMC10496230.

6. The Situational Judgement Test: not the right answer for UK Foundation Programme Allocation.

   Collaboration with: Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.

   Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK., Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, UK., University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK., Royal College of General Practitioners, UK., Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK., Workforce Training and Education Directorate, NHS England.

   Sam AH, Brown CA, Kluth D, Wilkinson P, Hawthorne K, Fung CY, Reed MW, Hughes E, Meeran K, Gurnell M. Clin Med (Lond). 2023 Nov;23(6):647-648. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.Let.23.6.4. PMID: 38494333; PMCID: PMC11046656.

2022

1. Video consultations: a potential gamechanger in clinical education

   Richard Darnton, Richard Thomson and Judy McKimm.
   British Journal of General Practice 2022; 72 (722): 416-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp22X720509

2. The nature and prevalence of threats to medical student placement capacity in primary care: a survey of East of England GP practices

   Richard Darnton, Sam Amey and James Brimicombe.
   BJGP Open 2022; 6 (4): BJGPO.2022.0127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2022.0127

3. Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Placements: Developing Complex Clinical Communication Skills of Medical Students.

   Critoph DJ, Smith LAM, Williams RM, Hatcher HM 
   J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2022

4. ‘This trainee makes me feel angry’: It's time to validate the reality and role of trainer emotions.

   Hofmann, R., Darnton, R. (2022).
   Medical Education, 56( 4), 359- 361. (3 pages) [commissioned commentary] 

5. Parity at last: a new funding model for undergraduate primary care education in England.

   Rosenthal, J., Darnton, R., & Harding, A. (2022).
   British Journal of General Practice, 72(719), 257-258 (2 pages) [commissioned editorial] 

6. Adaptive feedback from artificial neural networks facilitates pre-service teachers’ diagnostic reasoning in simulation-based learning.

   Sailer, M., Bauer, E., Hofmann, R., Kiesewetter, J., Glas, J., Gurevych, I. & Fischer, F. (2022).
   Learning and Instruction. Volume 83, 101620

7. Education for Sustainable Healthcare – A Curriculum for the UK

   Tun S, Martin T (2022),(contribution from James Smith).
   Medical Schools Council, London, UK

8. A collaboration on teaching and assessing triadic consultation skills

   Ward A, Critoph D, Westacott R, Williams R, Dogra N, (2022).
   PEC Innovation, Volume 1, 100091, ISSN 2772-6282, 

9. Honouring the multitudes: removing structural racism in medical education.

   Razack, S., & Naidu, T. (2022).Lancet (London, England), 400(10368), 2021–2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02454-0

10. How medical education holds back health equity.

    Naidu, T., & Abimbola, S. (2022).
    Science Direct, The Lancet (London, England), 400(10352), 556–557.

11. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK medical education. A nationwide student survey.

    Multi-site collaboration with Imperial College (School of Medicine, department of surgery and cancer), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Leicester Medical School, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Division of Management Science and Operations, London Business School,

    Tekkis NP, Rafi D, Brown S, Courtney A, Kawka M, Howell AM, McLean K, Gardiner M, Mavroveli S, Hutchinson P, Tekkis P, Wilkinson P, Sam AH, Savva N, Kontovounisios C; COVID Med-Ed and STARSurgCollaborative; Steering Committee:; Tekkis N, Rafi D, Brown S, Courtney A, Kawka M, Howell A, McLean K, Gardiner M, Mavroveli S, Hutchinson P, Tekkis P, Wilkinson P, Sam AH, Savva N, Kontovounisios C; Writing Group:; Tekkis N, Rafi D, Brown S, Courtney A, Kawka M, Howell A, McLean K, Gardiner M, Mavroveli S, Hutchinson P, Tekkis P, Wilkinson P, Sam AH, Savva N, Kontovounisios C; Data Analysis Group:; Tekkis N, Brown S, Kawka M, Mclean K, Savva N; Advisory Group:; Wilkinson P, Sam AH; Local Collaborators:; Singal A, Chia C, Chia W, Ganesananthan S, Ooi SZY, Pengelly S, Wellington J, Mak S, Subbiah Ponniah H, Heyes A, Aberman I, Ahmed T, Al-Shamaa S, Appleton L, Arshad A, Awan H, Baig Q, Benedict K, Berkes S, Citeroni NL, Damani A, de Sancha A, Fisayo T, Gupta S, Haq M, Heer B, Jones A, Khan H, Kim H, Meiyalagan N, Miller G, Minta N, Mirza L, Mohamed F, Ramjan F, Read P, Soni L, Tailor V, Tas RN, Vorona M, Walker M, Winkler T, Bardon A, Acquaah J, Ball T, Bani W, Elmasry A, Hussein F, Kolluri M, Lusta H, Newman J, Nott M, Perwaiz MI, Rayner R, Shah A, Shaw I, Yu K, Cairns M, Clough R, Gaier S, Hirani D, Jeyapalan T, Li Y, Patel CR, Shabir H, Wang YA, Weatherhead A, Dhiran A, Renney O, Wells P, Ferguson S, Joyce A, Mergo A, Adebayo O, Ahmad J, Akande O, Ang G, Aniereobi E, Awasthi S, Banjoko A, Bates J, Chibada C, Clarke N, Craner I, Desai DD, Dixon K, Duffaydar HI, Kuti M, Mughal AZ, Nair D, Pham MC, Preest GG, Reid R, Sachdeva GS, Selvaratnam K, Sheikh J, Soran V, Stoney N, Wheatle M, Howarth K, Knapp-Wilson A, Lee KS, Mampitiya N, Masson C, McAlinden JJ, McGowan N, Parmar SC, Robinson B, Wahid S, Willis L, Risquet R, Adebayo A, Dhingra L, Kathiravelupillai S, Narayanan R, Soni J, Ghafourian P, Hounat A, Lennon KA, Abdi Mohamud M, Chou W, Chong L, Graham CJ, Piya S, Riad AM, Vennard S, Wang J, Kawar L, Maseland C, Myatt R, Tengku Saifudin TNS, Yong SQ, Douglas F, Ogbechie C, Sharma K, Zafar L, Bajomo MO, Byrne MHV, Obi C, Oluyomi DI, Patsalides MA, Rajananthanan A, Richardson G, Clarke A, Roxas A, Adeboye W, Argus L, McSweeney J, Rahman-Chowdhury M, Hettiarachchi DS, Masood MT, Antypas A, Thomas M, de Andres Crespo M, Zimmerman M, Dhillon A, Abraha S, Burton O, Jalal AHB, Bailey B, Casey A, Kathiravelupillai A, Missir E, Boult H, Campen D, Collins JM, Dulai S, Elhassan M, Foster Z, Horton E, Jones E, Mahapatra S, Nancarrow T, Nyamapfene T, Rimmer A, Robberstad M, Robson-Brown S, Saeed A, Sarwar Y, Taylor C, Vetere G, Whelan MK, Williams J, Zahid D, Chand C, Matthews M.

    Med Teach. 2022 May;44(5):574-575. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2021.1962835. Epub 2021 Aug 24. PMID: 34428109.

12. Using very short answer errors to guide teaching.

    Putt O, Westacott R, Sam AH, Gurnell M, Brown CA. Clin Teach. 2022
    Apr;19(2):100-105. doi: 10.1111/tct.13458. Epub 2022 Jan 25. PMID: 35078276; PMCID: PMC9303801.

13. The influence of candidates' physical attributes on patient ratings in simulated assessments of clinical practice.

    Brown CA, Badger K, Reid MD, Westacott R, Gurnell M, Reed MWR, Chamberlain G, Hatfield E, Sharif A, Sam AH. 
    Med Teach. 2022 Nov;44(11):1277-1282. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2022.2093177. Epub 2022 Jul 12. PMID: 35820076; PMCID: PMC9612930.

2021

1. Primary care placements in the post-COVID era: A qualitative evaluation of a final year undergraduate clerkship.

   Richard Darnton, Maaz Khan, Xiu Sheng Tan & Mark Jenkins

2. Career intentions and perceptions of general practice on entry to medical school: baseline findings of a longitudinal survey at three UK universities

   Richard Darnton, Efthalia Massou, James Brimicombe, John Kinnear, Roger Tisi, Alys Burns, Diana F Wood and Paul O Wilkinson.

3. Consensus statement on the content of clinical reasoning curricula in undergraduate medical education.

   Cooper N, Bartlett M, Gay S, Hammond A, Lillicrap M, Matthan J, Singh M; UK Clinical Reasoning in Medical Education (CReME) consensus statement group. Med Teach. 2021 Feb;43(2):152-159. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2020.1842343. Epub 2020 Nov 18.PMID: 33205693 

4. Models and measures of learning outcomes for non-technical skills in simulation-based medical education: Findings from an integrated scoping review of research and content analysis of curricular learning objectives. 

   Hofmann, R., Curran, S. & Dickens, S. (2021). Studies in Educational Evaluation, Special Issue ‘Assessment and evaluation of simulation-based learning in higher education and professional training.’

5. A scoping review to investigate the models and measures of learning outcomes used in research on professional skills development in technology-enhanced simulation-based medical education (the MMED-SIM project). 

   Hofmann, R. Curran, S. & Dickens, S. (2021). A scoping review report. Society for Research into Higher Education.

6. Medical students’ attitudes towards psychiatry improve following psychiatry clinical placements: the ATPP study.

   Osimo, E. F., Mariner, L., & Wilkinson, P. (2021). The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, 16(5), 410–417.

7. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK medical education. A nationwide student survey.

   Tekkis, N. P., Rafi, D., Brown, S., Courtney, A., Kawka, M., Howell, A. M., McLean, K., Gardiner, M., Mavroveli, S., Hutchinson, P., Tekkis, P., Wilkinson, P., Sam, A. H., Savva, N., Kontovounisios, C., Singal, A., Chia, C., Chia, W., Ganesananthan, S., … Matthews, M. (2021). Medical Teacher.

8. Says who? Northern ventriloquism, or epistemic disobedience in global health scholarship.

   Naidu T. (2021). The Lancet. Global health, 9(9), e1332–e1335.

9. Modern Medicine Is a Colonial Artifact: Introducing Decoloniality to Medical Education Research. 

   Naidu T. (2021). Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 96(11S), S9–S12.

10. Southern exposure: levelling the Northern tilt in global medical and medical humanities education.

    Naidu T. (2021). Advances in health sciences education: theory and practice, 26(2), 739–752.

11. National inter-rater agreement of standardised simulated-patient-based assessments. 

    Sam AH, Reid MD, Thakerar V, Gurnell M, Westacott R, Reed MWR, Brown CA. Med Teach. 2021 Mar;43(3):341-346. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2020.1845909. Epub 2020 Nov 16. PMID: 33198538.

12. Thinking differently - Students' cognitive processes when answering two different formats of written question.

    Sam AH, Wilson R, Westacott R, Gurnell M, Melville C, Brown CA. Med Teach. 2021 Nov;43(11):1278-1285. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2021.1935831. Epub 2021 Jun 14. PMID: 34126840.

13. The influence of candidates' physical attributes on assessors' ratings in clinical practice. 

    Sam AH, Reid MD, Thakerar V, Gurnell M, Westacott R, Yeates P, Reed MWR, Brown CA. Med Teach. 2021 May;43(5):554-559. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2021.1877268. Epub 2021 Feb 11. PMID: 33569973.

2020 and Previous Years

1. Medical students consulting from home: A qualitative evaluation of a tool for maintaining student exposure to patients during lockdown

   Richard Darnton, Tony Lopez, Megha Anil, Jonathan Ferdinand & Mark Jenkins.

2. Dialogues with Data: Generating theoretical insights from research on practice in higher education. 

   Hofmann, R. (2020). M. Tight & J. Huisman (Eds). Theory and Method in Higher Education Research 6th Ed (pp. 41-60). Emerald. [LINK  NB. behind paywall]

3. The three paradoxes of leadership: Overcoming barriers that stop new leaders from delivering change. 

   Hofmann, R. (2020). Commissioned for the Cabinet Office Thinkpiece series

4. Dismantling the master's house: new ways of knowing for equity and social justice in health professions education. 

   Paton, M., Naidu, T., Wyatt, T. R., Oni, O., Lorello, G. R., Najeeb, U., Feilchenfeld, Z., Waterman, S. J., Whitehead, C. R., & Kuper, A. (2020). Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice, 25(5), 1107–1126.

5. On Time and Tea Bags: Chronos, Kairos, and Teaching for Humanistic Practice. 

   Kumagai, A. K., & Naidu, T. (2020). Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 95(4), 512–517.

6. Supporting trainees in challenging learning environments – is there a way?

   Quine A, Tulinius C, (2019). Education for Primary Care, January 2019; 17:1-6

7. Should medical schools relax academic admission criteria? 

   Tarmey D, Wood DF, Lillicrap MS, Canuto HC. (2019) BMJ. 2019 Nov 14;367:l6456. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l6456

8. Comparing single-best-answer and very-short-answer questions for the assessment of applied medical knowledge in 20 UK medical schools: Cross-sectional study.

   Sam AH, Westacott R, Gurnell M, Wilson R, Meeran K, Brown C. BMJ Open. 2019 Sep 26;9(9):e032550. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032550. PMID: 31558462; PMCID: PMC6773319.

9. Understanding the Fundamental Elements of Global Health: Using the Sen Capability Approach as the Theoretical Framework for a Health Needs Assessment in Deprived Communities

   Ndomoto L,  Hibble A, Obuzor G, Nthusi N, Quine A, Chahal P, Barasa SO, Nyanja N, Tulinius C, (2018) Education for Health, April, vol 31 (1), p. 43-7.

Recent Conferences

Title: Evaluating the Educational Utility of a Digital Cognitive Simulator in Cardiac Surgery Education
Authors: Ashwini Chandiramani, Harshil Kalaiya, Tharushi Wijesena, Jason Ali, Charlotte Tulinius
Venue: ASME 2026

Title: What educational value does the digital inter-specialty referral have to UK resident doctors?
Authors: Perry Maskell et al.
Venue: ASME 2026

Title: Defining the Scope of Clinical Supervision: A Thematic Analysis of Medical Student Experiences and a Proposal for a Sustainable, Equitable Supervisory Model
Authors: Anushka Irodi, Prerana Bhandari, Irene Rodriguez, Edward Lau, Smriti Ramakrishnan, Charlotte Tulinius
Venue: ASME 2026

Title: Medical students describe clinical supervision as a ‘lottery’ — a dual-supervision model may improve continuity, consistency, and equity
Authors: Anushka Irodi, Prerana Bhandari, Irene Rodriguez, Edward Lau, Smriti Ramakrishnan, Charlotte Tulinius
Venue: ASME 2026

Title: Improving Medical Student Transitions into Clinical Settings: An Innovative Approach Through Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) and Empowerment Evaluation
Authors: Monika Chowaniec, Sewa Amin, Ria De Sousa, Mc Stephen Padilla, Edward Lau, Smriti Ramakrishnan, Nicola Jones, Mark Lillicrap, Charlotte Tulinius
Venue: ASME 2026

Title: A methodological approach to field delineation: The systematic identification of 35 medical education journals (MEJ-35)
Authors: Anmol Arora, Megan E L Brown, Helen R Church, Julie Browne, Veronica Phillips, Anna Harvey Bluemel, Matthew H V Byrne
Venue: ASME 2026

Title: Exploring Barriers to Expanding Medical Training Numbers: A National Survey of Medical Education Directors in England
Authors: Michael Batanavis, Anmol Arora, Sam Aryee, Nisha Nathwani
Venue: AoME x INHWE 2025 Joint Conference